Questions On Knowledge Process Outsourcing - 1018 Words

5. Knowledge Process Outsourcing While defining the Knowledge Process Outsourcing, it is worth to know and think about the same as (BPO), however at a higher position in the intellectual value chain. The old Business Process Outsourcing firms which are used to deliver basic backend or customer care support are shifting up this value chain. Offshoring of knowledge concentrated or related business processes which require specialized domain oriented expertise, defines KPO. The KPO typically involves a component of Business Processing Outsourcing (BPO), Analysis Proves Outsourcing (APO) and Research Process Outsourcing (RPO). Knowledge Process Outsourcing (KPO) is a kind of outsourcing in which the information and knowledge cognate work and†¦show more content†¦Many firms and organizations have come to understand the importance of outsourcing. By outsourcing non-core activities, it’s just not only the costs are minimized and efficiencies improved but also the total business improves, reason the focus shifts to the key growth areas of the business activity. Nature of KPO ï  ¶ It is people-intensive in that much of KPO work requires insight and analysis based on experience, skills and judgement. The result and the recommendations are driven by judgment rather than by rule-driven processing. ï  ¶ Processes/services which are performed are based on intellectual capability, skills, and domain knowledge. A process can only provide a guideline but not a deterministic set of rules. ï  ¶ The process involved is complex, and require many steps. It calls for interpretation, reasoning, analytical skills and the exercise of judgment. ï  ¶ It requires people with higher education and/or specialized and differ ¬entiated knowledge and skills. ï  ¶ KPO is inclusive. Unlike BPO, where an entire process is offshored, KPO usually entails offshoring part of the larger process (e.g., financial research and analysis). By its very nature, the team is global. 6. CLASSIFICATION OF SUB-SECTROS AND SERVICES OF KPO The rise and success of KPO lead to its growth and expansion in many sectors. Now, its area and services offered are not restricted toShow MoreRelatedEcco a/S – Global Value Chain Management1709 Words   |  7 PagesCase 3 The International Firm in a Global Economy ECCO A/S – Global Value Chain Management Question 1: 1. Relate the Ecco case to the conceptualization of the organization as a global factory. What similarities and dissimilarities with the global factory conceptualization do you see and what solutions may it present? Similarities: As ECCO had been very successful in the footwear industry by focusing on production technology and assuring quality by maintaining full control of the entireRead MorePros and Cons for Outsourcing1710 Words   |  7 PagesThe Pros and Cons of Outsourcing services in the US By Berend Schoute (1713035), student of the VU university Amsterdam. INTRODUCTION Hillary Clinton, I dont know what reality the Bush administration is living in, but its certainly not the reality I represent, from one end of New York to the other. This response came on the statement of the head of U.S. President George W. Bushs Council of Economic Advisers, Gregory Mankiw. 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With the services provided, XYZ Marketing Company can gain new clients, retain their current clients, and also help their clients with a new strategy for marketing services. XYZ Marketing Company handles hundreds of e-commerce websites for clients on a daily basis. By doing so, this helps implement clientRead MoreEssay on Offshore Outsourcing1661 Words   |  7 PagesOffshore Outsourcing Currently, it has been reported that many of our jobs, as much as one out of every three private-sector jobs are being sent overseas. What is offshore outsourcing? Outsourcing occurs when a firm subcontracts a business function to an outside supplier. Outsourcing is mainly the result of companies who will always pursue the lowest-cost structure, which means less skilled work will move out of the U.S. to emerging economies. Many believes that this is aRead MoreEssay on The Five Phases of a LPO Relationship1662 Words   |  7 PagesThe Five Phases of a LPO Relationship A new model of legal outsourcing is radically reshaping the role of different business functions such as human resources and call centers. Combining the benefits of cost reduction and process re-engineering, the LPO model maximizes ROI at an accelerated rate. A systematic planning and execution framework helps deliver the expected value. Your board says we have to keep containing costs. Or we must become more competitive. Or we must increase the performanceRead MoreHuman Resources Essay1737 Words   |  7 Pageschange since my last exposure to this topic. Another area of change is the trend for outsourcing of employees. I managed an outsourced company that was hired to perform service on Xerox equipment in a specified territory. The type of work was just as the textbook described a repetitive type task. I learned from the text the reasoning and bottom line improvements that the company gained from the outsourcing. Overall, this module has been a learning experience and a good reinforcement for those

Organizational Behavior Essay - 1086 Words

Introduction The business world has become very competitive and dynamic. In order to be successful in a work environment, organizations must be knowledgeable of what defines organizational behavior. Organizational behavior can help organizations expand, communicate, learn, and develop for better performance in the competitive, vibrant, and ever changing economy we all live in. It is important for organizations to learn the different behaviors, cultures, diversity, communications, effectiveness, and the learning styles that make up the organization and its environment. This paper will define and explain the terminology and concepts of organization behavior through research and examples used within the military. What is Organizational†¦show more content†¦Organizational Culture Organizational culture is a system of shared beliefs and values that develops within an organization and guides the behavior of its members (Schermerhorn, 2005). This is how individuals live, act, and define what normal behavior. Culture is a big influence in an individuals life and decision-making process. The purpose and function of this culture within the military is to help foster internal integration, bring employees from all levels of the organization much closer together, and enhance their performance. An example of an organizational culture within the miiltary is the academy culture. Employees within the military are highly skilled, have been working for the organization for at least 20 years or more due to the outstanding benefits, and motivated for the possibility of promotion. Military personnel practices good organizational culture by providing a stable working environment that allows an employee to utilize current skills and develop new skills. Every organization has their own unique culture that fits their vision and goals. Diversity Diversity is the presence of individual-differences based on national origin, family status, culture, education, employee status, functions, regional origin, religion, gender, race and ethnicity, age, able-bodiedness, and sexual orientation. Having an awareness of how each item contributes to diversity is the first step into understanding diversity. An individual should be open to listen andShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Citizenship Behavior4841 Words   |  20 PagesTable of contents: Page # 1. Literature Review 1 1.1. What are Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCBs) 1 1.2. OCB and its link with Organization 3 1.3. How OCB’s are exhibited by employees 4 1.4. Importance of OCB 5 1.5. Effect of OCB on employees 6 2. Introduction to Organization 6 2.1. Allied Bank Limited 7 2.2. Meezan Bank Limited 7 2.3. First Women’s Bank 7 2.4. MCB 7 3. 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Its primary purpose is to review and report in the ever expanding study in criminal justice organizational behavior areas in the workforce. This discussion focuses on the forces of change andRead MoreEssay Organizational Behavior1057 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational Behavior Organizational behavior: Organizational behavior refers to the attitudes and behavior of the individuals in the organization. Organizational behavior is a inter-disciplinary field of study that draws from many of the behavioral sciences. The goal of organizational behavior is to apply the concepts from the other behavioral sciences to pressing problems that management may be facing, as well as applying organizational behavior to the administrative theory and practicesRead MoreOrganizational Behavior And Human Behavior1217 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational behavior studies the impact of groups, individuals, and structures have on the personal human behavior within many organizations. There is many different definitions of organizational behavior, but they are all relatively the same in all cases. â€Å"Organizational behavior studies organizations from multiple viewpoints, including behavior within the organization and in relation to other organizations (Boundless.com).† This is not just the study o n one organization, but the study withinRead MoreOrganizational Behavior : Organization Behavior2093 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Organization behavior is the study and application of information regarding how an individual or group of people within an organization behaves. According to John Schermerhorn author of the book Organizational Behavior Twelfth Edition, organizational behavior is the key characteristic used to maintain and enhance interaction levels amongst employees within a company (Schermerhorn, 2011). There are additional characteristics such as leadership, openness to confer in relation to issuesRead MoreOrganizational Behavior And Organizational Behaviour1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe above drawn figure shows about organisational behaviour. It highlights the bonding among human behaviour in organizational settings, the individual - organization interface, the organization, the environment surrounding the organization. In an organization each and every individual brings its own experience, managerial and effective skills. Classical Organizational theory:- Popovich (2010) said that in this theory, the concentration mainly goes in how an organization can be structured inRead MoreOrganizational behavior1577 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational Behavior: An Analysis of Helm Fire and Rescue Company Introduction Organizational Behavior is referred to as the study of individuals and their relative behavior subject to the existing organizational environment. The concept applies in a diverse workplace setting in different ways and had diverse impacts to the organization. Organizational behavior field includes communication, sociology, psychology, and management. The concept is subject to both internal and external factors affectingRead MoreOrganizational Behavior5621 Words   |  23 PagesChapter 1 - The Field of Organizational Behavior Multiple Choice Questions 1. Pharmacia is an example of a company that: a. experienced culture clashes as a result of a merger. b. ignored technological advances to its harm. c. is a great employer in terms of human resources, but an unprofitable company. d. focused on balance sheets rather than human resources. 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Quantitative Analysis AGL energy Limited and Genesis Energy Limited

Question: Discuss about the Quantitative Analysis for AGL energy Limited and Genesis Energy Limited. Answer: Introduction of AGL Energy Limited and Genesis Energy Limited AGL Energy Limited AGL Energy Limited established in 1837 and is the oldest company of the Australia. This company adopts new things and believes in creation of the sustainable and trustworthy energy for providing to the customer. They trust in change and do work for the community and environment. The first gas street lamp in the Sydney was established by this company, in the year 1841. Now it has the largest solar plant in Australia which was established in 2015. AGL is the largest owner of the listed ASX and does operation for generating electricity in the country. AGL is the incorporated energy company which leads in Australia. This company takes the accountability for the decline emission of greenhouse gas during the time of offering the safe and inexpensive energy to the customers. Company has been acquired the experience of 175 years and with this experiences it provided the gas, electricity, solar PV and related products and services to the customer as per their needs, in the Eastern Australia. It has the collection of various power generations like base, peaking and intermediate generation plants which are spread among the thermal generation along with the renewable sources like hydro, wind, solar, landfill gas and biomass. Genesis Energy Limited After the division of Electricity Corporation of New Zealand (ECNZ) and the reorganization of market of the New Zealand electricity, on 1 April 1999, Genesis Energy started its business while it was commenced in 1998. The company has good range of products. It offers services and provides energy solutions to its customers in a very easy and smart way. The company generates electricity with the help of number of generation assets, trade electricity and natural gas. In the New Zealand, Genesis Energy Limited is the largest retailer company of electricity and gas. It has good connection with customers. This company purchase electricity from the electricity market and sell it only in the market of New Zealand. The generators sell the electricity in the market and the retailers buy it and sell to the customers. Natural gas has been sold by the company in the North-island to the residential and commercial customers and it is also sold natural gas to the wholesalers in market to get the extra surplus. They also sold LPG to the customer, which is acquired from Kupe, in New Zealand. This company also offers the first class customer service as per the needs of customers. This company also provides electricity to all type of business even to the rural enterprises. The business team of the company supports to commercial customers. Trend analysis and Ratio analysis Analysis of trends Trend analysis represents the comparison between organizations financial data of two or more years. It shows the increment or decrement in amounts and percentage with compare to base year. Trend analysis of income statement shows increase or decrease in amount or percent of current years incomes and expenditures, on the basis of previous year. As per income statement of AGL energy limited revenue increases by 2% while expenses increases by 6% and other expenses also increases, so it directly impacts on profit of the company. The profits highly decrease by 62%. It shows that companys financial position is not good. As per income statement of Genesis energy limited revenue increases by 4.62% while expenses increases by 3.28%, so it directly impacts on profit of the company which highly increases by 113.01%. This reflects good financial position of company. Trend analysis of balance sheet represents increase or decrease in assets and liabilities in current year, on the basis of previous year. According to balance sheet of AGL energy limited total assets increased by 12% and total liabilities increased by 7%, hence net assets and total equity increased by 16%. This reflects sound capital structure. Total assets and total liabilities of Genesis energy limited are decreased by 2.79% and 2.64% respectively, hence total equity decreased by 2.94%. It shows bad capital structure of company. Trend analysis of cash flow statement interprets increment and decrement in cash inflows and cash outflows in current year with compare to previous year. Cash flow statement of AGL energy limited shows that cash provided by operating and financing activities but cash used by investing activities which decreases cash and cash equivalents. Genesis energy limiteds statement reflects inflows from operating activities but outflows from investing and financing activities, hence overall decreases cash and cash eequivalent. Ratio Analysis Ratio analysis is a process of determining relation between two figures of financial statements. It is beneficial to know financial position of company. Ratios are useful in identify companys performance by comparing data of two or more years. Profitability Ratio: Profitability ratio is used to calculate performance of company by measuring its profitability. It shows profit earning capacity of business. Return on Assets: It shows the profitability of company on the basis of total assets held. Return on assets can be calculated by dividing profits (earnings before interest and tax) with assets. Return on assets of AGL energy limited was 5.38% in 2014 which decreases to 2.13% in 2015. And ROA of Genesis energy limited increases 3.98% in 2015 from 1.97% in 2014. Net Profit Ratio: It can be calculated by dividing net profit by net sales or revenue. It represents that how much profit earned by the company over its sales during the year. Net profit ratio of AGL energy limited was 5.46% in 2014 which decreases to 2.04% in 2015. And net profit ratio of Genesis energy limited increases 5% in 2015 from 2.45% in 2014. Profitability ratio shows that Genesis energy limited has better financial position than AGL energy limited. Liquidity Ratio: Liquidity ratio reflects the liquidity of company. In other words, it shows the capacity to meet its liabilities. Quick Ratio: Quick ratio also knows as liquidity ratio and acid-test ratio. The satisfactory quick ratio must be 1:1. It is calculated by dividing quick assets by current liabilities. If inventories and prepaid expenses deducted from current assets then quick assets arises. Quick ratio decreasing from 1.49 in 2014 to 1.29 in 2015 of AGL energy limited while decreasing from 1.07 in 2014 to 0.86 in 2015. Current Ratio: The standard current ratio for strong company must be 2:1. Means current assets should be double of current liabilities. When current assets divided by current liabilities, current ratio received. Current ratio decreasing from 1.57 in 2014 to 1.46 in 2015 of AGL energy limited while decreasing from 1.45 in 2014 to 1.12 in 2015. Both current and quick ratios of both companies are decreasing which shows that liquidity position is not good. Capital Structure Ratio: Capital structure ratios are based on capital structure of company. Debt to Equity Ratio: It presents that how much debt is available with compare to equity of a company. It shows proportion between total debts / liabilities and total equity. Debt equity ratio decreasing from 86.27% to 79.61% of AGL energy limited while increasing from 92.98% to 93.27% of Genesis energy limited. Equity Ratio: Equity ratio presents proportion between total equity and total assets of company. It is use to know the ratio of equity and assets of the company. Equity ratio increasing from 53.69% to 55.67% of AGL energy limited while decreasing from 51.82% to 51.74% of Genesis energy limited. Market Performance: Performance of any company can be measured by earning per share and dividend per share. Earnings per share: It is measured by dividing net earnings for equity shareholders (net profit after tax and preference dividend) by number of equity shares. AGL energy limiteds earning per share decreases from 98.2 to 33.3 while increases of Genesis energy limited from 4.92 to 10.49. Dividend per share: If dividend declared by company is divided by number of equity shares, dividend per share received. Dividend per share increases of AGL energy limited 63 to 64 and Genesis energy limited 6.6 to 8. Conclusion The Genesis energy limited is financially sound with compare to AGL energy limited. As the ratio analysis has been done which shows the position of both the companies and according to that analysis, the conclusion has been made. Both the companies are performing well but as per evaluation and analysis, Genesis energy limited is quite better than AGL energy limited. Recommendation The investor should invest in Genesis energy limited because its profitability and earnings per share is more than AGL energy limited. References AGL energy in action. our company. Retrieved on 29 August 2016 from: https://www.agl.com.au/about-agl/who-we-are/our-company ASX Release, (2015). AGL Annual Report 2015. Retrieved on 29 August 2016 from: https://www.asx.com.au/asxpdf/20150826/pdf/430t27pwhhbmr3.pdf Axel, T. 2012. Ratio Analysis Fundamentals: How 17 Financial Ratios Can Allow You to Analyse Any Business on the Planet: RatioAnalysis.net Genesis Energy, (2015). Genesis Energy Annual Report 2015. Retrieved on 29 August 2016 from: https://www.asx.com.au/asxpdf/20150904/pdf/4313hvljxkcz9m.pdf Genesis energy, (2016). about us-company information. Retrieved on 29 August 2016 from: https://www.genesisenergy.co.nz/company-information

Significance of Service Encounters-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Service Encounters. Answer: Introduction The customers experience has an impact on any given service industry. The first impression or experience a customer gets decides the success and future of the brand. Generally, various brands are judged on the basis of service encounters and instances when the customers interact with the company (Chang, Chen Lan, 2013). This being said, the service organizations should improve or find new ways of pleasing the customers. This is important especially in cases where the service company interacts with the customers. Moreover, the company should take advantage of this ideal opportunity and ensure the customers are impacted positively. This paper focuses on the impact of services in the hotel industry by taking a look at Hotel Pacific in Australia. Also, this paper will explain how service encounters impact the operations of a business and how the management can get involved. Service encounters may be described as a set of emotions displayed by customers after judging the service quality of a given company. The customers make the judgments based on their experiences and how they are handled. Proper management of several factors translates to customer satisfaction and eventual business success. Significance of Service Encounters There are various processes a customer has to go through when checking in at a hotel or any other service industry. The flow chat shows the various stages in details. In some of these processes, the customer has to get directly involved while in some the customer is not directly involved. In both cases, the management has to be effective and ensure that the services they give to their customers are the best in the market (Coelho Henseler, 2012). The managers have to make sure that their services are well-designed and capable of putting a smile on the customers faces immediately they enter the hotel premises. The emotional feelings that customers express after service experience determine whether the service was satisfactory or not. Therefore, the management has to work extra hard to satisfy the customers. For instance, the customers in a hotel should be engaged and entertained while they wait to be attended to. This will help to ensure that the customers will not develop a negative attitude towards the hotel and the environment. Many hotels have a variety of entertainment options such as magazines, pamphlets, and television sets. This also helps the organization to identify various ways they can engage and keep their customers entertained. The management also has to put into consideration the duration effect. The customer should be made aware of the various operations in the hotel which include the room service, dinner, and the rules to be followed during their stay. Another area of interest that is likely to affect the satisfaction of customers is the level of control that the customers have in the process. For instance, the hotel management can create an option which will enable the clients to book their room online. This will improve the efficiency of the whole process and save a lot of time which would have been lost in the process. Therefore, the level of a customers satisfaction is directly determined by the control he or she has in the process. However, this does not apply to the internal systems which do not directly involve the customer. In these cases, fairness, professionalism, and justice have to be ensured in the process so that the clients can feel a sense of engagement (Wilson, Zeithaml, Bitner Gremler, 2012). Service encounters should help a business understand what customers need. The business should also see this as an ideal platform to get feedback from the clients and make the necessary amendments if needed. Managerial Implications As stated above, the service company should see the service encounters as an opportunity to please the customers and ensure they leave the premises satisfied. Evidently, service encounters are judged by many qualitative factors. The service encounters and the managerial implications have a direct effect on the ROI since they influence the type of brand that a customer chooses (Sirianni, Bitner, Brown Mandel, 2013). This is evident especially in the hotel industry where customers are very selective and demand high-quality services. In the modern hotels, the facilities and infrastructure are the same; it is only the services that differ. The management should focus more on the service psychology when conducting their business activities since this will enhance the service encounters. The management should identify the various processes and interactions the customers have to go through during their stay in the hotel and identify the processes that may affect the customer negatively (Wi rtz, 2012). The management also needs to improve the hotels operations so that the customers are enlightened about the complete process, the various steps, and the duration (Wirtz, 2012). This will help in improving the satisfaction of the customers and also reduce the ambiguity of the whole process. Moreover, the hotel will reduce losses since the reworks are far less in the absence of ambiguity. It is also important for the hotel to utilize these experiences maximally by selling the various services offered. Most organizations have not been able to develop a system which can enable them to manage and cope with the demand and supply needs. Therefore, the hotel can apply a psychological approach which will help in meeting the needs (Prentice King, 2013). This will increase the customer satisfaction who will in turn not hesitate to refer their friends. Additionally, the brand of the hotel will be improved and more clients will be willing to taste the services offered. The management should also consider the internal operations which do not directly involve the customers. Though the customers are not directly involved in these processes, they are quite essential for the smooth running of the hotel and also impact the customers satisfaction (Mudie Pirrie, 2012). The modern hotels and other businesses are spending fortunes advertising their services and brands on various media p latforms (Verhagen, Van Nes, Feldberg Van Dolen, 2014). However, this might not be necessary if they offer quality and satisfactory services. If their services are right, then they will get more long-term clients with minimal costs References Chang, C. S., Chen, S. Y., Lan, Y. T. (2013). Service quality, trust, and patient satisfaction in interpersonal-based medical service encounters.BMC health services research,13(1), 22. Verhagen, T., Van Nes, J., Feldberg, F., Van Dolen, W. (2014). Virtual customer service agents: Using social presence and personalization to shape online service encounters.Journal of Computer?Mediated Communication,19(3), 529-545. Prentice, C., King, B. E. (2013). Emotional intelligence and adaptabilityservice encounters between casino hosts and premium players.International Journal of Hospitality Management,32, 287-294. Coelho, P. S., Henseler, J. (2012). Creating customer loyalty through service customization.European Journal of Marketing,46(3/4), 331-356. Sirianni, N. J., Bitner, M. J., Brown, S. W., Mandel, N. (2013). Branded service encounters: Strategically aligning employee behavior with the brand positioning.Journal of Marketing,77(6), 108-123. Mudie, P., Pirrie, A. (2012).Services marketing management. Routledge. Wilson, A., Zeithaml, V. A., Bitner, M. J., Gremler, D. D. (2012).Services marketing: Integrating customer focus across the firm. McGraw Hill. Wirtz, J. (2012).Essentials of services marketing. FT Press

Steve Jobs greatest product Apple II

Steve Jobs’ death has devastated great masses of Apple products consumers as well as the business community itself.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Steve Jobs’ greatest product: Apple II specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Jackson’s article, Jobs had made an unprecedented impact on world’s electronic consumer market where his string of successful products like iPhone, iPad tablet and iPod have changed the whole arena of the PC world, electronics and the digital media industries thus he is one of the greatest CEOs of all time (Jackson, 2011, p. 1). According to Jackson (2011), as many across the globe associate Jobs with his recent iDevices, Canadian consumers have had a different perception when it comes to prioritizing some of Jobs greatest Apple products. They consider Apple II to be Jobs greatest achievement to their world of computing. A third of the Canadian consumer so ciety credits the Apple II personal computer as having the greatest impact in their personal computer lives. Though the Canadians do appreciate Jobs’ mobile devices that helped register a new wave on the mobile device functionalities which blended its personal computer capabilities, they still take the Apple II to be the best device ever. This means the Canadians’ priority of Apple II is at the essence of their classical approach from personal computers to iDevices thus their emphasis still remain gripped within their first experience with the Jobs Apple II innovation. There is much that needs to be considered before analyzing any poll results especially in the consumer markets. For instance, there is need to evaluate the age groups (demographics) of the voters/respondents. There is also the need to look at the experience of the voters or respondents with different gadgets (Apple product opinion poll – Asking Canadians). These are some of the many considerations that need to be in check before coming up with a candid conclusion on the research/poll findings.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Jackson’s article on the most preferred Apple product among the Canadian consumers which claims that Apple II personal computer is Jobs best product among the Canadians, can be said to be biased because he does not enlist the criterion chosen when determining the participants in the poll. Additionally, the 1034 respondents (Jackson, 2011, p. 1) of the poll may not be a good enough representative number of technological consumers which is presumed to be over two thousand. In the recent wave of Apple’s products, the iPhone 4s seems to have a lot of interest among the Canadian consumers and with such a surmountable interest, it may be among the best favored Apple products in the Canadian technological consumer segment in terms of expe rience and functionalities (Clandestine, 2011, p. 1) which in return, can surpass the Apple II preference. Jackson’s conclusion on Apple II as the most preferred gadget in Canada is limited in view because it did not consider the changing retail market structures, the increasing use of technological stores (Apple Stores), the internet and the consumer market place, the growing presence of social networking as the new advertisement, consumer front and the changing trends in the tastes and preferences among consumers (Digital Life, 2011, p.1). With the above variations in mind, it is clear that with time, the consumer perceptions change especially with new gadget experiences as well as diversified innovations on the same. Thus, the young generation may be more compelled to use the iDevices and this may be their first experience with Jobs products. Reference List Clandestine, B. (2011). The N E W iPhone 5 / iPhone 4S. Hub-pages. Web. Digital Life. (2011). iPhone 4S pre-orders re cord-setting 1 million in first day. Communication Technology – Blog. Web.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Steve Jobs’ greatest product: Apple II specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Jackson, B. (2011). Steve Jobs’ greatest product the Apple II, Canadians say. IT Business Canada – Blog. Web. This report on Steve Jobs’ greatest product: Apple II was written and submitted by user Paola Sears to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Research Paper on Health

Research Paper on Health Multi professional / disciplinary working is essential in public health, since it draws on theatrical perspectives from a wide range of fields (Naidoo Wills 2001). It is the intention of this essay to demonstrate the importance of this, by evaluating some opposing disciplines that contribute to the field. I would like to explore the diversities of perspectives such as Epidemiology, Social Sciences and the contribution of the public/lay perspectives, to illustrate how ideas from different disciplines contribute to an understanding of public health. By evaluating some of the opposing approaches to public health and highlighting how these diverse disciplines often come from different academic and organisational cultures, it should demonstrate what different perspectives offer to the public health debate and why is a necessity for then to work together. It also offers an analysis of the challenges to public health being a truly multi disciplinary profession. Epidemiology is defined as â€Å"the study of patterns of disease occurrence in human populations and the factors that influence these  patterns† (Lilienfeld Lilienfeld, 1980 as cited in moon, 2000 p1). However public health entails far more that bio-physiological factors and requires investigation of the social context and public/lay perspectives. Sociology examines the social dimensions of health, illness and health care and what accounts for the socio-economic inequalities in public health. It looks at how the social structures, institutions and processes affect health and what is the relation between the professional disciplines and the public (Daykin as cited in Naidoo 2001 p102). Social science is used in the same context as (Williams G Popay J 1997) referring to researchers/disciplines that look at the â€Å" influence of the economic and political context of Britain and other western countries mainly in the late 20 century over the heath of the populations†. Naidoo Wills (2001 p2) offer a reminder that the notion of multi professional working is not a new concept in the study of health. (WHO 1946 cited in Naidoo Wills 2001p2) was one of the first to look at health holistically describing it as a state of complete will being and although this may be considered utopia today, it still highlights the multi dimensional aspects of health and offers arguments as to why disciplines must work in a multi disciplinary way. The most recent government is pressing the idea that public health should be a multi disciplinary profession and wants to bring in more integrated and partnership working with these disciplines. It sees it as one of the ways forward to rid health of the internal market philosophies of the previous Government (Partnership in Action D of H 1998). (The New NHS: Modern and Dependable D of H.1997; Making a Difference: A Strategy for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting D of H.1999; NHS Plan D of H. 2000) jointly pledge to introduce new ways of partnership working and among their concurrent objectives, to raise the profile of public health. Working across boundaries is seen as vital in working with the most vulnerable in society that previously have been missed (D of H 1997). It builds devices around the needs of those whose are most in need and avoids duplication (D of H 1998) and if professionals do not work together then will find themselves in no mans land. (D of H 1998). This docume nt is trying to give different agencies more power to work together by pooling budgets, having lead commissioners, integrating provision and incentives. It could be a challenge for public  health to be a truely multi-displinary profession when medicine has dominated in public health in the past. Modern epidemiological studies have however, contributed greatly and influenced public health work and policies, in trying to change individual’s lifestyles (D of H 1992). However, persistent limitations of this approach has led to the acknowledgement for the wider influences that effect public health, mainly that of health inequalities (D of H, 1999), (D of H, 2001a). These documents recognise that to achieve a comprehensive understanding of public health it is necessary to look beyond â€Å"malfunctioning of the physical body† and investigate, â€Å"societal and cultural factors along side†(Naidoo et al 2001) This essay argues that more credence must be given to social science research, if public health is to be effective. It is clear that if we are going to work effectively on public health then professions must not only work together in a multi disciplinary way but must also listen to what the public say about their own health needs (Williams G Popay J (1997). Recent documents such as the expert patient (D of H, 2001b) and â€Å"Shifting the balance of power† (D of H 200a) offer a basis for involving the public, however it remains a challenge about how to work in conjunction with everyone with our current, diverse and multi cultural society. More innovative research is needed, including both epidemiological and social perspectives. To understand the constraints of multi- professional working within public health, it is necessary to look at the history behind public health, especially the contributions of Epidemiology, which has focused on the causes of disease at population level and continues to be considered one of the most important sciences contributing to it. (Beaglehole Bonita, 1997). By the end of the Victorian era, public health had moved into two very distinct areas that were quite separate. The first was involved in the general improvements of social conditions and the second concentrated on the development of specific preventative and curative health services ( Baggott 2000) Epidemiology since the nineteenth century has had an enormous impact on public health with wide ranging achievements (susser susser, 1996) starting with improvements in drainage and sewerage, initiating statistical evidence, recognising and tackling environmental and social factors that have effected health. Work was also done o n eradicating infectious diseases though the development of vaccinations. Effects on public health by this discipline have not all been seen as beneficial and the insights gained previously into environmental factors and poverty were somewhat lost with this dominant but narrow biomedical approach (Baggett R 2000). Mc known 1976 even observed that health improvements have less to do with immunisations and more to do with improving socio economic factors. From a social perspective (Williams G pope, 1997) go further than this and claim that this medical led power may have led to people not focusing on social reform as much and that in fact in the recent decades as historically, the poor have continued to be blamed for illness and the disease. They feel that to much credence has been given to data collecting and the epidemiological model, so to stifle public health work. They also claim that the public and lay views are just as valid and that general feelings and perceptions are equally as important.Those from a medical health background to give less credence to socilogocal  perspectives especially the lay involvement in health matters(Heller T 2001) claims that to ensure that medicine continues to be the lead in many public health issues there needs to be more evicence base and it is the lack of this has caused problems in dilemmas around the medical perceptions of important health issues and those of the public i.e. MMR vaccination debate. This is particularly significant in today’s climate of clinical governance and evidence –based practise (D of H, 1997 and 1998) These ideologies have had a major impact on Epidemiology where there have been criticisms regarding the standards of research and data collection and yet in contrast ,there appears to be a complex confusion of views between the various disciplines with the government saying they want more evidence based practise from the scientific disciplines and equally a desire for the public to be listed to and involved . whilst Black (2001) claims there needs to be a more sustained drive to collect and use evidence as an underpinning of health policies at all levels and that despite the rhetoric and  criticism around their own discipline , health policy makers equally develop their policies largely in an evidence-free zone (Black 2001). Povey (1998) states very strongly that Lay people need to be much more involved in order to include the social and cultural context of public health This term â€Å"lay† refers to people who are not health care professionals or researchers but may have a specialist knowledge related to health including the general public and consumer advocates. (Entwistle et al 1998). This essay would also like to argue that the lay perspective should be included in any debate around multi- professional working, Even though they are not health professionals but are very much needed for the social and cultural context (povey 1998) It has also been claimed that duee to the way medicine it constructed, it contributes to contribute to a loss of individual autonomy for example medicine has encroached on normal things such as life and death (mckeown, 1976) and that public health research, especially that of Epidemiology ,has increasingly excluded from its ‘microscope attention’ the voices of the people (Williams et al 1997). Whilst Epidemiology has indeed done great things in the development of the fight against infection., the power that Epidemiology was then consequently afforded in public health meant that they focused on these areas somewhat to the exclusion of the political need to look at social inequalities and injustices. Historically all disciplines come from differing perspectives with different concepts models highlighting why it must be necessarily multi disciplinary but it is relatively recently that people have really started to link the different perspectives to health (stansfield 1999 c ited in Naidoo 2001) and therefore highlighting the need for them to collaborate and make connections when working together for the improvement of the public’s health. It would appear that reflecting on this review of public Health history, that Epidemiology has had significant successes and the knowledge and influence that it has gained have influenced many public health policies and campaigns such as â€Å"Health of the Nation†, (D of H, 1992). But despite the measures by Epidemiology to demonstrate strong associations of risk factors Emslie et al (2001 a p25) suggest that the current â€Å"evidence on the effectiveness of health advice to modify behavioural risk factors, is discouraging† and propose that an â€Å"urgent need to understand the public perceptions of the causes and consequences is needed†. (Parsons 1951) first developed the concept that ill health should be viewed in relation to the society as a whole and not just as the individual, which very much forms the basis of public health work today . This backs up all the recent social science research of health being strongly patterned by social factors. People do no t have equal chance of enjoying health or living to old age and deprived groups experience poorer health, higher levels of mortality and there are differences in class gender sexuality and ethnicity. When looking at why these inequalities persist it offers a view of how the medical perspective of health can be at odds with  sociological and public  perception (Naidoo page social science) (Williams G et al1997) recorded some interesting research done in Salford, which has some of the poorest population in Great Britain within the ward. This research claimed that the public were able to present a sophisticated understanding of the network of factors which may structure perceptions of ill health and related risks i.e smoking through despair is an obvious well researched example (Graham, 1987 and 1993)This research indicated that the traditional health education messages alone do not work .people in these poorest wards well know the health related risks that they faced i.e. the effects of smoking, drinking, drugs poor diet and exercise etc but most of the respondents cited structural and socio- economic factors as the most powerful influences on their health such as living in high rise flats and the stresses of bringing up young children in this environment that caused depression and isolation . Unemployment, poverty, economic decline and fear of crime were all put down as the most signifant cause of their poor health.  Heat education alone may have increased knowledge, but have failed to address the real issues of public health and have possibly caused an era of victim blaming. Epidemiology has been criticised for its methodological individualism (Diex- Roux, 1998 p 216) and as with (William g povey), (Schwartz Carpenter 1999) and (Pearce, 1996) they all criticise modern Epidemiology for its disregard of wider socio-cultural, temporal issues. It is suggested that contextual or multilevel analyses to investigate individual and multi-level variables would bring context back to Epidemiology Diex-Rusx 1992 p216) It is clear therefore that â€Å"public health has to be multi disciplinary because social factors such as income, housing, and employment have been shown to have greatest impact on health status than health care† (Modernising Health and Social Services 1998) Multi disciplinary working is recognised in health improvement guidance (D of H, 1997) where the shared responsibility for health between local authorities, NHS and their partners is highlighted. There have bewen many changes in public health, in recent years and we are now more likely to hear that the pattern of health inequality is about where you live and whether you are rich or poor, rather that you own lifestyle decisions. (Mitchell R et al 2000). This report on the Inequalities in Life and Death claims that all health changes can be manipulated though radical social policy changes. The new approaches to Epidemiology also sound promising with a suggestion of a new era of eco-Epidemiology addressing health at population, societal and individual levels. However without a multi disciplinary approach to epidemiological research, it will fail to investigate context and will continue to provide invalid conclusions and recommendations for public health. Diez- roux (1998) acknowledges that defining and measuring contextual variables is problematic and Epidemiology must create methods of research that incorporate both qualitative and quantitative approaches. This can only happen with collaboration with different disciplines. Especially social and cultural methodologies. Much of the work done around involving the public derives from a sociological perspective and this has also helped to produce useful models for health promotion. Public health disciplines must continue to adopt socially aware and multi disciplinary approaches. They must continue to liase with and involve the public who are empowering themselves often by gathering information over the internet (Hardy 1999). If health promotion is to be truly multi disciplinary then disciplines shoulimitations when standing alone which leads to the need for them not to stand alone but be a part of the debate Naidoo page2 the value of people working in a multi disciplinary way is that by drawing on many different expertise, a fuller account of public health can begin to challenge existing boundaries of knowledge that lead to only a partial understanding of health. In this assignment, I hope to have also argued that whilst inter professional working is vital in public health and indeed there are barriers too it. It is also equally as important to ensure that the public or consumers of the professionals have a greater say in the quality and nature of the provision. . There will always be intellectual tensions between disciplines but this should provide the basis for invigorating debate rather than mutual hostility (Williams 1997) Naidoo By working in a multi. Public Health is far too complex to be interpret ed in a single discipline.

Information Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

Information Systems - Essay Example stakeholders, implementing a better mitigation plan for potential risk and ensure that they clearly understand and support what the project should achieve. This report presents the detailed risk analysis, mitigation and recommendations for the new information technology based system implementation for the submission of personal tax returns at a large European country. In addition, this report will outline some of main and inflectional risks those can make this project a failure. In this scenario I will also recommend some of effective mitigation steps to effectively manage and handle this project. According to (Whitten, Bentley and Dittman), the current era is known as the age of information technology since the information technology is playing vital and major roles in almost every walk of life. Additionally, the business sector is also tremendously influenced and improved by the information technology. Furthermore, at the present, organizations have more effective and well-organized ways for performing business functions. Furthermore, to perform managerial tasks, the development and implementation of information systems have turned out to be essential task for almost every organization. Since, the accomplishment of the information systems in the organizations and corporate structures has provided many advantages and ROI (return on investment). However, at the present time, the information systems are strongly attached with business activities and management operations. Since, these systems are presenting a valuable return on the organizational data stored in these informati on systems. In addition, the development of the off-the-shelf information systems has presented various facilities to the business data and information handling. Thus, at the present, the information system is the main factor of the concentration for every organization (Whitten, Bentley and Dittman; Hutchinson and Sawyer). This report is about the implementation of new information system